The summer of 2012 saw one of the worst droughts on record in the United States and Eastern Europe , which led the prices of internationally
traded soybeans and corn to set record highs. In July, the World Bank
Food Price index, which measures the price of internationally traded food
commodities against the U.S. dollar, saw a 10% jump from one month to the
next. While the index and prices generally have moderately declined since
then, international food prices still remain near record highs. There is
now a sense that high, volatile prices have become the new normal (Food Price
Watch). While Brazil is a net food exporter and has increased
its food production capacity in recent years, the country has nonetheless felt
the pinch of high food prices, and too many Brazilians still find themselves in
extreme poverty. In that context, what has been Brazil ’s response to the crisis, and how can
policymakers ensure greater food security for their citizens?
In the 1970s and 1980s, Brazil instituted a number of programs geared
toward helping the poor pay for food expenses. During this time, the
National School Food Program provided meals for all students enrolled from
pre-school to the second grade. Additionally, in 1976, the Brazilian government
began the Worker Food Program to assist low-income workers meet their basic
food needs. The National Milk Program for Needy Children, which aimed to
provide needy families with one liter of milk per day began in 1986.
While these programs did succeed in helping some families meet the basic
necessities, they suffered from a lack of political prioritization as well as
from targeting that was not sufficiently selective (Pessanha).
In the 1990s, Brazil created the National Food and National
Monitoring Program in order to centralize priorities and more effectively
monitor food problems as they arose and identify the social groups most
vulnerable to food security issues. However, this program fell victim to
the austerity measures put in place by then-president Fernando Collor de
Melo. The turbulence of the political environment together with the
serious macroeconomic imbalances of the era prevented a focus on food security
issues. The topic came into focus again in the early 2000s. This
period saw the launch of the Fome
Zero (“Zero Hunger”) program,
which was one of President Lula’s principal objectives after his election in
2001. The program is built on four main pillars: access to food;
strengthening family agriculture; income generation; and finally,
implementation and social responsibility (Pessanha).
Fome Zero has been the basis for the poverty programs Brazil has recently gained a reputation for, such
as Bolsa Família, inter alia. Bolsa Família is a targeted conditional cash
transfer program that provides funds to low-income families with schoolchildren
to pay for food-, education-, and health-related expenses contingent on school
attendance. Fome Zero also offers insurance and
financing benefits to family farmers, guaranteeing income for 6 months in cases
of severe drought and offering 100% financing to certain small-scale
farmers. It also aims to generate income for socially excluded
populations through microcredit financing, education, and food-for-work
programs.
These measures are in keeping with the
recommendations by Marie Chantal Messier, a Senior Nutrition Specialist at the
World Bank. She states that
in order to protect mothers and young children from malnutrition, “a balanced
strategy of income growth and investment in more direct interventions into
health and nutrition are needed.” Brazil’s
focus on income growth through Fome
Zero, in conjunction with other measures to generate this growth, has
allowed the Brazilian middle class to grow significantly in recent years, with
the income share of the second-highest quintile doubling in the last decade and
the middle class comprising nearly a third of Brazil’s inhabitants (up from 15%
in the 1980s) (World Bank).
However, even in light of Brazil ’s impressive performance in diminishing
income inequality, much is left to be done to adequately address the food
crisis, as evident by the significant increase in food prices recently.
Rising food prices and inflation as a whole hurt poor consumers the most, as it
forces them to devote more of their limited income for the same amount of
goods. In order to adequately measure this discrepancy, Brazil developed a consumer price index (IPC) for those who earn up to double
the minimum wage to measure how inflation affects low-income consumers. The IPC-C1, as this index is called, saw an
increase of 7.15% in the last 12 months, versus only 6.16% for the normal IPC. Notably, food costs
for low-income consumers have risen 14.69% in the last 12 months, with
astronomical increases in onions and tomatoes, especially, which respectively
climbed 25% and 10.5% in March alone (IBRE).
According to the Brazilian Central Bank,
wholesale food prices have actually fallen, but the Bank faulted the costs of
freight and other services for preventing lower prices from reaching consumers
(Cobucci). Statistics bear up this claim: in 2012, Brazil ’s port infrastructure was rated 2.6 out
of 7 (with 1 being “extremely underdeveloped” and 7 being “well developed and
efficient by international standards”) by the World Bank and in 2010, only
13.5% of Brazil ’s roads were paved. Additionally,
in 2010, Brazil ’s total network of roads stands at 1.5
million kilometers; in contrast, the network of roads in the US (which is comparable in territory size)
stands at over 6.5 million kilometers. Although speaking of Latin America generally, a World Bank news article
stated that that logistics expenses comprise between 16 and 26% of Latin
American GDP, and between 18% and 32% of the value of commodities. In
contrast, in OECD countries, these figures are both 9% respectively (“What are
the facts about rising food prices and their effect on the region?”).
In this context, while Brazil has been laudable in increasing access to
food for underprivileged populations through inclusion of the poor in economic
growth and conditional cash transfer programs, Brazilian policymakers must
concomitantly focus on increasing market access for goods through domestic
logistics and infrastructure improvements. This would allow for three
major advances:
1) the economic and social inclusion of
underserved regions of the country;
2) a decrease in transportation costs; and,
3) expanded market access for farmers in
underconnected regions of the country.
Meanwhile, Brazil should also work to update its famed Bolsa Família, which is not automatically indexed
to the IPC. To
ensure adequate assistance levels are maintained in times of inflation, the
program must be indexed to the food sector of the IPC. Brazil should further consider chaining Bolsa Família payments to the IPC-C1 (the low-income IPC) to give the poor a greater cushion
when inflation rises.
Works Cited
Cobucci, Luciana. "BC Vê Risco De Alta Inflação Em 2013, Mas Promete Medidas." Jornal Do Brasil. 2 Apr. 2013.
"Food Price Watch." The World Bank. Aug. 2012. Web.
"High Food Prices: Latin American and
the Caribbean Responses to a New Normal ." The
World Bank. 15 Apr. 2013.
Instituto
Brasileiro De Economia. 15 Apr. 2013.
Messier, Marie Chantal. "Rising Food
Prices: Time to Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is?" 20 Aug. 2012 . 15 Apr. 2013.
Pessanha,
Lavínia Davis Rangel. "A Experiência Brasileira Em Políticas Públicas Para
a Garantia Do Direito Ao Alimento." Instituto
Brasileiro De Geografia E Estatística. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013.
Rocha, Cecilia. "Developments in
National Policies for Food and Nutrition Security in Brazil ." Development
Policy Review 27.1 (2009):
51-66. Print.
"What Are the Facts about Rising Food
Prices and Their Effect on the Region?" The
World Bank. 13 Sept. 2012 . Web. 15 Apr. 2013 .
"World DataBank." The World Bank DataBank. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013 .